1848 PIEDMONTESE ARTILLERY - Horse Artillery "Voloire"

 It was time I face this post concerning the Piedmontese Artillery in the First Italian Indipendence War (1848-1849) for what concerns the uniforms and the organitation of this army that was considered one of the top in Europe, for training and efficiency. For this post, that I think it will be huge, I will also post my sources (books) and personal researches.

The Corps of Artillery was composed of the Fortress Artillery (on 2 brigades) and the Mobile Artillery on 6 brigades (6 during the war): 3 Field Artillery, 2 Position Artillery, 1 Horse Artillery.

The Horse Artillery battery was composed as follows:

6 cannon - 8 punder

2 howitzer - 15 pounder

At the very start of the war, this Brigade was on just 2 batteries. On 25th March 1848 is formed the third Horse Battery.

Each Battery was divied in 2 half-batteries (each with 4 cannons), again split in 2 sections (the first and the second) with 2 cannons each. Usually, a battery never fought as a single unit, but it was habit that the minimal tactical formation, i.e. the section, was fighting as autonomous unit.

Eact battery was formed by:

1Captain

2 Lieutenants

1 Second Liutenant

1 Quartermaster

6 Sergeants

1 Corporal-Quartemaster

12 Corporals

2 specialists

2 trumperters (1 for each half-battery)

1 saddler

1 farrer

24 gunners of first class

164 gunners of second class

210 horses.

What was a real plus of this unit was its capacity to move fast: 

All personel was on horses, but 3 gunners per piece (cannon) that were sat on the casson.

Piedmont 1848 Gunner of Horse Artillery

I did some researches and I modified my template. In 1837 the shape of the shako was modified in order to make it more cylindrical; I also hid the plume getting out from the back because there is no wind and added the yellow ribbon (used to keep the shako attached to the body of the gunners, or while riding horses, even worse).

Piedmont 1848 Horse Battery "Voloire" 
Gunner at the piece.

As I did with the Austrian Artillery train, also for the Piedmontese Horse Artillery I will have to make a double number of gunners: one on foot ready to shoot and a second on horses for moment. This is possible just with papersoldiers and their multiple possibilities. Here we are with a gunner/driver on a horse

Piedmontese Army - Horse Artillery "Voloire"
Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE

Here too, after some more researches on the Book "L'Armata Sarda e le Riforme Albertine" of Stefano Ales, published by Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito - Ufficio Storico, I increased the details and accourancy. The new template is as follows:

Piedmontese Army - Horse Artillery "Voloire"
Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE
(corrected version)

It is possible to compare with the original template of Austrian Artillery train

Another question to be solved is the colour of the cannon in the Piedmontese Army; I had some hints they were painted in light/pale blue. So I searched some "direct" source and I found this painting of the Battle of Pastrengo

This painting represents a Piedmontese cannon at the Battle of San Martino in 1859 in light blue; the artillery did not change the colour during the period, so it is evident also in 1848 they had the same colour. Here detail:

This colour is also confirmed by some figures published by Soldiershop Publishing "play the Italian Wars of Indipendence" of Luca Stefano Cristini and Gianpaolo Bistulfi, bu limited to the train, while the cannon has a very pale blue.

Another hint comes from a painting of an episode of the Battle of Custoza in 1866 (Third Italian Indipendence War) where the cannon is well depicted and with no doubts in light blue (the colour was still the same as 18 years before)

A further confirm we have from a painting of the Battle of the Goito Bridge at the very beginnig of the 1848 Campaign where the colour of the cannon is with no doubts pale blue (see detail here underneath)

and again in a painting of the Battle of Santa Lucia on 6th May 1848. (here bottom)

So I started first of all with a casson. I had this form the above mentioned book of the Esercito Italiano:

From this template (above) I was able to make this one (bottom):

1848 Piedmontese Casson
Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE

From this casson, with some little changing (above all concerning colours) I added the 3 gunners that were transported on it (bottom).

1848 Piedmontese Casson with gunners
Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE

and here (bottom) a different version i.e. with rucksack

1848 Piedmontese Casson with gunners and rucksacks

Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE

From this casson, I finally achieved the final result (bottom)

I then thought that usually these troops were flying (hence their nickname "Voloire")  and I should reproduce them as gallopping, considering that all troops were on horses:

I didn't like the position of the legs of the horse, considering that with guns and cassons probably they were not galloping but simply trotting or a sort of canter. This (here bottom) is the evolution

Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE (2023)

Now starts the most interesting part, i.e. the entire train of horse artillery: here (bottom) the unique example I found of it.

From this, and above all from the books I have, I prepared my first template of a train of horse artillery:

Further reaserches pointed out that the cannon (the 16/15 pounder howitzer) had a different gun-carriage (called Gribeauval)

So I changed the previous template to a more correct (bottom):

Horse Artillery train. Howitzer 16 pounder

Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE (2023)

Further researches pointed out that the Piedmontese Army underwent a deep programm of rationalization of the carriage and transport, using the same gun-carriage called "Cavalli" from the name of its inventor the Captain Cavalli; the front axle was the same for the gun-carriage as for the ammunition carriage. So I changed again:

Horse Artillery train. Howitzer 32 pounder

Copyright Michele L. SAVASTA FIORE (2023)

Other element that was present in the batteries was a carriage called "carro a ridoli". I found on the book "Caricat! Voloire - 150 Anni di Artiglieria a Cavallo"  by Cavallotti Editore - Milano a painting representing this carriage (year 1865) with the correct colour as well.

From this painting I did my template as usual. It was pulled by 2 horses (1 pariglia)

Ammunitions casson

FRENCH INFANTRY REGIMENT ORGANIZATION DURING WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION

It seemed to me an easy task to understand how a French Regiment of Infantry was organized during the WSS, but at the end it was not this way. While it was quite simple to understand that there was (for the histrorical regiments) 3 battalions per regiment, it was not that evident how many men there were in a battalion and how many companies (COY's).

I am going to prepeare for a Turin's Museum part of the Battle of Turin, hence I must be very carefull in my researches and in all what I am going to say.

The French Battalion was actually based on 13 companies, 12 of normal line infantry + 1 (on the right of the array of the Battalion) of Grenadiers.

Every Company had around 50 men in total, plus around 30 men for the general staff of the battalion.

In front of each Battalion there was a group of Flags. Originally every Company had one flag but with time the number was reduced due to the fact that companies in campaign were ofter put together in order to fill the losses.

Hence at the epoch there was 3 flags (i.e. 1 every 3 companies with exception of the Grenadiers' company) of whom 2 d'Ordonnance (i.e. with the colours of the single Regiment) and 1 white called Colonnelle. Every regiment had just 1 Colonnelle, it means that is was carried by the first Battallion of each regiment (on the right).. With regard to the guards of the flag, there were 4 sergeants assigned. The 3 flags and 12 sergeants were to form a rank at the center of the battalion 4 paces in advance of the first rank.

It is now interesting to understand how a single company was formed. There is a huge lack of information about this topic, that I found quite curious. To try to solve this problem I went on order for clotht for the Normandie Regiment where I found a precise indication of the numbers of a company: 42 men (plus 2 sergeants) 1 drummer per company (i.e. total 13 per battalion). From another document (Regiment Franc Courtois) we have that the Grendier Company had 47 men (and not 42) and 611 men and 15 drummers and 33 Second officers and 28 sergents (I suspect this unit had 14 companies), so I think a 13 companies battalion had 30 econd officers

The number for sergeants is confirmed by another order for cloth for the Vermandois Regiment dating 1702. In this case we have an order of 1071 hats for soldiers and drummers (so around 520 soldiers per battalion) and 26 hat for sergeants, meaning 13 sergeants X 2battalions.

To these bare numbers must be added the number of Maistre de Logis, Captains, Lieutenants.

There were 13 Captains, 13 Lieutenants and 13 Souslieutenant; A Battallion Commander, with around 2 aides de camps and around 8 sousofficers.

This providess a number for battalion:

551 men (whose 47 grenadiers)

13 drummers

26 sergeants

3 standard-bearers

12 Guards of the flags

13 captains

26 officers +

1 commander

24 General staff. (4 Second officers and 20 NCO)

So a fighting force of 669 men; obviously these numbers could vary a little according to circumstances)

Company Organization 

and finally the Battalion Organization

And here an entire Regiment